Biology is the study of life. All living things share key characteristics: they respond to their environment, grow and develop, reproduce, use energy, and maintain homeostasis. Life is made of cells, the basic unit of life, which can be prokaryotic (no nucleus) or eukaryotic (have a nucleus and organelles).
Cells contain DNA, the genetic material that carries instructions for making proteins and is passed from one generation to the next. DNA is organized into genes and chromosomes, and traits are inherited from parents. Proteins are made using instructions from DNA through processes involving mRNA and ribosomes.
Living things are classified into different kingdoms and can reproduce either asexually or sexually. Gregor Mendel helped explain how traits are inherited, including concepts like dominant/recessive alleles and homozygous/heterozygous traits.
Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection explains how organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce, leading to changes in populations over time and possibly new species.
All organisms need energy (ATP) for life processes. Some organisms (like animals) must consume food (heterotrophs), while others (like plants) make their own through photosynthesis. Organisms also interact through symbiotic relationships such as mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
Overall, life on Earth is incredibly diverse, and scientists continue to explore whether life exists beyond our planet.
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