In this video, I cover the difference between a Prime and a Composite number.
A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. In other words, it can only be divided by 1 and itself without leaving a remainder. Examples of prime numbers are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, and 13.
A composite number is a natural number greater than 1 that has more than two positive divisors. In other words, it can be divided by 1, itself, and at least one other number. Examples of composite numbers are: 4, 6, 8, 9, and 12.
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The Cell Organelles are similar to our own organs because they work together to keep the cell alive. In the video, I review the major organelles, provide pictures, and the structure and function of the following organelles.
Cell Membrane: The outer boundary of the cell that controls what enters and exits. It is made up of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
Cytoplasm: The jelly-like substance inside the cell that holds all the organelles in place. It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins.
Cytoskeleton: A network of protein filaments that provides structural support to the cell, helps with cell movement, and assists in intracellular transport.
Ribosomes: Small structures made of RNA and proteins that are responsible for synthesizing proteins. They can be found floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Nucleus: The control center of the cell that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA). It is surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A network of membranous tubes studded with ribosomes. It is involved in protein synthesis and the transport of proteins and lipids.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A network of membranes that lacks ribosomes. It is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.
Vacuole: A large, membrane-bound organelle found mainly in plant cells. It is used for storing water, nutrients, waste products, and helps maintain cell turgidity.
Lysosome: Organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances.
Golgi Complex (Golgi Apparatus): A stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other parts of the cell.
Chloroplasts: Organelles found in plant cells (and some algae) that contain chlorophyll. They are responsible for photosynthesis, converting sunlight into chemical energy.
Cell Wall: A rigid outer layer found in plant cells, fungi, bacteria, and some protists. It provides structural support and protection to the cell.
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Ionic bonds are formed from metals and nonmetals or a metal and a polyatomic ions which are typically made of nonmetals.
Covalent bonds are formed from two or more nonmetals
If you look at the periodic table you can locate this stairstep. Elements to the left of the stair step are metals except for hydrogen which is a nonmetal and to the right are nonmetals.
Let's look at some examples of ionic bonds.
Sodium chloride
NaCl
If you look at the periodic table you will see sodium is on the left so it is a metal, and chlorine is on the right, so it's a nonmetal. A metal and a nonmetal results in an Ionic bond.
It’s made of potassium and bromide. Potassium is on the left so it's a metal, and bromide is on the right so it's a nonmetal.
What about this compound ? It has more than two elements like the previous example.
Lithium Nitrate
LiNO3
This compound is made up of lithium which is a metal and two nonmetals bonded together called nitrate, which is a polyatomic ion that has elements bonded together but act as one.
This is a covalent bond because it’s a metal and nonmetals bonding together.
What about sulfur dioxide?
It’s made of sulfur and oxygen which are both nonmetals so it is a covalent bond
How about water which has a formula of H2O?
It’s made of hydrogen and oxygen which are both nonmetals so it’s a covalent bond Remember although hydrogen is on the left it’s an exception and is a nonmetal.
How are the atoms held together in these different compounds?
Let’s look at covalent bonds first.
Compounds with covalent bonds are held together because they are sharing electrons.
Let’s look at water which illustrated above.
They are connected because they are sharing electrons and this holds the compound together.
Now let’s look at sodium chloride which is held together by an ionic bond.
Chlorine wants one electron so takes one electron from sodium. As a result sodium and chlorine become ions which is an element with a positive or a negative charge.
The sodium becomes a positively charged ion called a cation and the chlorine becomes a negatively charged ion called an anion.
Now you have a negative and positive charge attracted to one another and this bonds the elements together.
So how can you remember the difference?
In order to remember covalent, I think of co-presidents which share the power or cohabitate where you share a space.
In order to remember ionic, I think "I want your electron" which results in gaining and losing an electron which results in creating an ion.
Heron's formula is a formula that gives the area of a triangle given the lengths of its three sides. It is named after Heron of Alexandria, a Greek mathematician who lived in the 1st century AD.
The formula is:
A = sqrt(s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c))
where:
A is the area of the triangle
s is the semiperimeter of the triangle, which is half the sum of the lengths of the three sides
a, b, and c are the lengths of the three sides of the triangle
Heron's formula can be derived using trigonometry or geometry. It is a powerful formula that can be used to find the area of any triangle, regardless of its shape or size.
In the video I work through an example problem that will show you how to use Heron's formula.
Many times you may need to rationalize the denominator which means there will not be an irrational number as the denominator.
Rationalizing the denominator involves rewriting a fraction so that the denominator is a rational number. This can be done by multiplying both the numerator and denominator of the fraction by a suitable expression.
For example, to rationalize the denominator of the fraction 1/√2, we can multiply both the numerator and denominator by √2:
1/√2 * √2/√2 = √2/√4 = √2/2
