Cell Membrane: The outer boundary of the cell that controls what enters and exits. It is made up of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
Cytoplasm: The jelly-like substance inside the cell that holds all the organelles in place. It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins.
Cytoskeleton: A network of protein filaments that provides structural support to the cell, helps with cell movement, and assists in intracellular transport.
Ribosomes: Small structures made of RNA and proteins that are responsible for synthesizing proteins. They can be found floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Nucleus: The control center of the cell that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA). It is surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A network of membranous tubes studded with ribosomes. It is involved in protein synthesis and the transport of proteins and lipids.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A network of membranes that lacks ribosomes. It is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.
Vacuole: A large, membrane-bound organelle found mainly in plant cells. It is used for storing water, nutrients, waste products, and helps maintain cell turgidity.
Lysosome: Organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances.
Golgi Complex (Golgi Apparatus): A stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other parts of the cell.
Chloroplasts: Organelles found in plant cells (and some algae) that contain chlorophyll. They are responsible for photosynthesis, converting sunlight into chemical energy.
Cell Wall: A rigid outer layer found in plant cells, fungi, bacteria, and some protists. It provides structural support and protection to the cell.
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