Rotation is the spinning of an object on its axis. For example, Earth rotates once every 24 hours, which causes day and night.
Revolution is the movement of one object around another object. Earth revolves around the Sun once every 365 days, which gives us one year.
The heliocentric model is the idea that the Sun is at the center of the solar system and the planets revolve around it. This model was supported by scientists like Copernicus and Galileo.
The geocentric model is the earlier belief that Earth is at the center of the universe and that the Sun, Moon, and planets move around Earth.
Terrestrial planets are rocky planets with hard surfaces and include Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
Gas giants are much larger planets made mostly of gases like hydrogen and helium; these include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
Mercury, the smallest planet and the closest to the Sun, which orbits the Sun faster than any other planet. Venus is the second planet from the Sun and is the brightest planet in the sky.
Finally, an atmosphere is defined as the layers of gases that surround Earth or other planets.
The universe includes all space and everything in it—every bit of matter and energy that exists. Within the universe are galaxies, which are massive collections of billions of stars, along with dust and gas, all held together by gravity.
Our galaxy contains our solar system, which includes the Sun and all the planets and other objects that orbit around it.
A planet is a large, round object that travels around a star in an elliptical orbit. Earth is a planet that orbits the Sun. The Big Bang Theory, which states that all matter and energy in the universe were once compressed into an extremely small point called a singularity.
This singularity expanded rapidly, beginning the formation of the universe as we know it today.
A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition. Minerals form naturally in the Earth, such as quartz from cooling magma or halite (table salt) from evaporated seas. Being a solid means they have a definite shape and volume. Inorganic means they generally lack carbon and hydrogen bonds. Minerals also have a repeating crystal pattern formed by a basic building block called a unit cell, which determines the mineral’s structure. All minerals can be classified based on their crystal structure.
Rocks are made of one or more minerals (and sometimes organic material), but they do not have the consistent chemical composition or repeating atomic structure that minerals do. There are three main types of rocks:
Igneous rocks form from molten rock (magma inside Earth or lava on the surface).
Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks change due to heat and pressure. They can be foliated (layered) or non-foliated (not layered).
Sedimentary rocks form from sediments, which are pieces of pre-existing rocks or remains of living organisms that accumulate and harden over time.
In short, minerals are the building blocks of rocks, but rocks are mixtures of minerals and sometimes organic materials.
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